2025, Number 4
Cardiovasc Metab Sci 2025; 36 (4)
Uncertainty and probability are the basis of clinical epidemiology
ABSTRACT
In science, including biology, complexity is the hallmark of the epoch. Statistics is the science of probability, and it is widely used since there is no certainty about the significance of the findings in an investigation, nor in a patient's data in the diagnosis or prognosis that we construct in clinical settings. The reductionism that medicine has employed to understand complex situations and construct the so-called "operative definition" to simplify complex problems must be revised to achieve a deeper understanding of the interactions among multiple factors influencing human bodily behavior.